The Theory of Evolution
The theory of evolution is founded on the notion that certain traits are passed on more frequently than others. These traits make it easier to survive and reproduce for individuals, and their numbers tend to rise as time passes.
Scientists are now able to understand how this process works. A study of the clawed-frog showed that duplicate genes could serve different purposes.
Evolution is a process that occurs naturally
The natural process that leads to the evolution of organisms best adjusted to their environment is referred to as "natural selection." Info is one of the fundamental processes of evolution, as are mutation, migration, and genetic drift. Those with traits which facilitate reproduction and survival will be more likely to pass on these traits to their children. This causes gradual changes in frequency of genes as time passes. This leads to the formation of new species as well as the transformation of existing ones.
Charles Darwin developed a scientific theory in the early 19th century that explained how organisms evolved with time. The theory is based on the notion that more offspring are born than can be sustained, and that these offspring compete with each other for resources in their physical surroundings. This creates a "struggle for existence" in which the ones with the most beneficial traits win, and others are eliminated. The remaining offspring transmit the genes responsible for these advantageous traits to their children which gives them an advantage over other members of the same species. Over time, organisms with these advantageous traits increase in number.
It is difficult to see how natural selection can create new traits if its primary purpose is to eliminate people who aren't fit. In addition that, the majority of natural selections are used to reduce the genetic variation of populations. Natural selection is not likely to create new traits without the involvement of other forces.
Mutation, genetic drift and migration are the primary evolutionary forces that alter the frequency of genes and result in evolution. These processes are speeded up by sexual reproduction, and the fact that each parent transmits half of its genes to each offspring. These genes, referred to as alleles, may be present at different frequency between individuals belonging to the same species. The allele frequencies will determine if a trait is dominant or recessive.
A mutation is merely an alteration to the DNA code of an organism. The mutation causes some cells to grow and develop into a distinct organism and others to not. Mutations can also increase the frequency of existing alleles or create new alleles. The new alleles then get passed on to the next generation and become dominant phenotypes.
Natural selection is the foundation of evolution.
Natural selection is a simple mechanism that causes populations of living things to change over time. It is a result of the interaction between heritable phenotypic variation as well as differential reproduction. These elements create a situation where individuals with advantageous traits live longer and reproduce more often than those without them. As time passes this process can lead to a reshaping of the gene pool, thereby making it more closely matched to the environment in which people reside. Darwin's "survival-of-the most fittest" is an underlying concept.
This is based on the idea that people can adapt to their environment by displaying different characteristics. Individuals who have adaptable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, and consequently produce more offspring. BioMed Central states that this will eventually lead to the trait spread throughout the population. In the end, the trait will be present in all members of a population and the makeup of the population will change. This is referred to as evolution.
People with less adaptive characteristics will die off or be unable to produce offspring and their genes will not make it into future generations. As time passes, genetically modified species will take over the population and develop into new species. However, this isn't a guarantee. The environment may change unexpectedly, causing the adaptations to become obsolete.
Another factor that can influence the course of evolution is sexual selection, where some traits are favored because they improve an individual's chance of mating with others. This can lead to some bizarre phenotypes, like brightly colored feathers in birds, or the massive antlers of deer. These phenotypes aren't necessarily beneficial to the organism, but they can boost its chances of survival as well as reproduction.
Another reason why some students do not understand natural selection is that they confuse it with soft inheritance. Soft inheritance is not required to evolve, but it is usually a key element. This is due to the fact that it allows for the random modification of DNA as well as the creation of genetic variants that are not immediately beneficial to the organism. These mutations then become the basis on which natural selection operates.
Genetics is the basis of evolution
Evolution is a natural process of change in the inherited characteristics of species over time. It is based upon various factors, including mutation in gene flow, gene flow and horizontal gene transfer. Evolution is also influenced the relative frequencies of alleles in a population's gene pool. This allows for the selection of traits that are advantageous in new environments. The theory of evolutionary change is a fundamental idea in biology with profound implications for our understanding of life.
Darwin's ideas, in conjunction with Linnaeus concepts of relational ties and Lamarck's theories on inheritance, revolutionized the view of how traits are passed on from parents to their offspring. Instead of parents passing on their inherited traits through misuse or use, Darwin argued that they were favored or disadvantaged by the environment they lived in and passed that knowledge on to their offspring. He called this process natural selection and his book, The Origin of Species, outlined how this could result in the creation of new species.
Genetic changes, also known as mutations, happen randomly in the DNA of a cell. These mutations can result in various phenotypic characteristics, from hair color to eye color, and are affected by a myriad of environmental variables. Certain phenotypic traits are controlled by multiple genes and some have more than two alleles, such as blood type (A, B or O). The combination of Darwinian ideas about evolution with Mendel's theories about genetics is referred to as the Modern Synthesis, and it is the framework that brings together macroevolutionary changes in fossil records with microevolutionary processes like genetic mutation and the selection of traits.
Macroevolution can take a long time to complete and is only visible in fossil records. In contrast, microevolution is a much faster process that is visible in living organisms today. Microevolution is driven by genetic mutation and selection which occur on a lesser scale than macroevolution. It can be enhanced by other mechanisms, such as gene flow and horizontal gene transfer.
Evolution is based upon chance
The fact that evolution happens by chance is an argument that has been used for decades by those who oppose evolution. However, this argument is flawed and it is crucial to understand the reason. The argument confuses randomness with contingency. This error is a result of a misreading of the nature of biological contingency as explained by Stephen Jay Gould. He believed that genetic information doesn't develop randomly, but depends on past events. He based this on the fact that DNA is a replica of DNA, which themselves depend on other molecules. In other words, there is a causality that is the basis of all biological processes.
The argument is flawed because it is based on laws and practices of science. These statements are not only logically untenable, but they are also false. The science practice supposes that causal determinism not strict enough to accurately predict all natural events.
Brendan Sweetman's book aims to provide a balanced and accessible introduction to the relationship of evolutionary theory with Christian theism. He is not a flamboyant author, but rather a patient one, which fits his goals that include detaching the scientific status from the implications for the faith of evolutionary theory.
Although the book isn't quite as thorough as it could be, it still provides an informative overview of the key issues in this debate. It also demonstrates that evolutionary theories are well-substantiated, widely accepted and worthy of rational acceptance. However the book is less than persuasive on the issue of whether God plays any part in evolution.
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